Methods for preparing anti-viral nucleotide analogs

ABSTRACT

Methods for isolating 9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine (compound 16): 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     a method for preparing, in high diastereomeric purity, intermediate compounds 13 and 15: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and a method for preparing intermediate compound 12: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine has anti-viral properties.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of priority from U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/544,950, filed Oct. 7, 2011, the content ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Description of Related Art

U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,390,791 and 7,803,788 (the content of each of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety) describe certainprodrugs of phosphonate nucleotide analogs that are useful in therapy.One such prodrug is9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 16):

This compound is also known by the Chemical Abstract name L-alanine,N—[(S)-[[(1R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-methylethoxy]methyl]phenoxyphosphinyl],-1-methylethylester. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,390,791 and 7,803,788 also disclose amonofumarate form of this compound and its preparation method (see,e.g., Example 4).

Compound 12, compound 13 (wherein X is halo), and compound 15:

are synthetic intermediates that are useful for preparing compound 16.Compound 15 is depicted as a mixture of diastereomers at the phosphoruscenter. The two diastereomers that make up the mixture of compound 15are shown here as compounds 15a and 15b. Isomer 15a is identical instructure to compound 16.

Currently, there is a need for improved methods for preparing compounds12, 13, 15, and 16. In particular, there is a need for improved methodsfor preparing compounds 13, 15, and 16 in high diastereomeric purity.Such improved methods may provide higher yields, be easier to perform,or use less costly or toxic reagents than currently available methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described are an improved method for isolating9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 16) using crystallization-induced dynamic resolution; improvedmethods for preparing compounds 13 and 15 in high diastereomeric purity;and an improved method for preparing compound 12.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, there is provided a method comprisingsubjecting a solution comprising: a) a suitable solvent; b) a suitablebase; c) the diastereomeric mixture9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine;and, optionally, d) one or more seed crystals of9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine,to conditions that provide for the selective crystallization of9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method for preparing compound13 that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure by treating atoluene solution of compound 12:

with thionyl chloride to provide compound 13, where X=Cl.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method for preparing9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 15) that is at least about 90% diastereomerically purecompound 16, comprising treating compound 13:

(wherein X is halo) that is at least about 90% diastereomerically purewith amine 11:

under conditions that provide compound 15 that is at least about 90%diastereomerically pure compound 16 (i.e., isomer 15a).

In another embodiment, there is provided a method for preparing compound12:

comprising treating PMPA:

with triphenylphosphite in the presence of a suitable base to providecompound 12.

Also provided are novel processes and intermediates disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Specific values listed below for radicals, substituents, and ranges, arefor illustration only; they do not exclude other defined values or othervalues within defined ranges for the radicals and substituents.

Preparation of Compound 16 by Crystallization-Induced Dynamic Resolution

In one embodiment, there is provided a method for thecrystallization-induced dynamic resolution of9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 15):

to provide9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 16). The method comprises subjecting a solution comprising: a)a suitable solvent; b) a suitable base; c)9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine;and, optionally, d) one or more seed crystals of9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine,to conditions that provide for the epimerization of the phosphoruscenter, under conditions that also provide selective crystallization of9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine.

The crystallization can be carried out in any suitable solvent. Forexample, it can be carried out in an aprotic organic solvent, or in amixture thereof. For example, the aprotic organic solvent may compriseethyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate,diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane,acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl tert-butylether, toluene, oracetonitrile, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the solventcomprises acetonitrile.

The resolution can be carried out in the presence of any suitable base.For example, the resolution can be carried out in the presence of a baseselected from 1,5-diazobicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU),7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD),tetramethylguanidine, a Verkade base (e.g.,2,8,9-triisopropyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane, and2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane), ametal carbonate (e.g., M_(x)CO₃), a metal phenoxide (M⁺ ⁻OPh), andPhOTMS in combination with a fluoride ion source (e.g., R₄N⁺ ⁻F, TASF(tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate), or TBAT(tetrabutylammonium triphenyldifluorosilicate), and mixtures thereof,wherein each M is a suitable metal such as an alkali metal or analkaline earth metal, and each R is, for example, a (C₁-C₆) alkyl. Inone specific embodiment, the base is DBU.

The resolution can also be carried out at any suitable temperature, forexample, a temperature in the range of from about 0° C. to about 50° C.In one specific embodiment, the resolution is carried out at atemperature of about 20° C.

In one specific embodiment, the resolution is carried out in thepresence of phenol.

The percentage of compound 16 in the starting diastereomeric mixture canbe anywhere in the range from about 0% to about 99%. In one embodimentof the invention, the percentage of compound 16 in the startingdiastereomeric mixture is in the range from about 0% to about 20%. Inone embodiment, the percentage of compound 16 in the startingdiastereomeric mixture is in the range from about 20% to about 99%. Inone embodiment, the percentage of compound 16 in the startingdiastereomeric mixture is in the range from about 50% to about 99%. Inone embodiment, the final compound 16 is at least about 90%, about 95%,about 97%, or about 99% diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment, thefinal compound 16 contains less than 1% of any diastereomericimpurities. In one embodiment, the final compound 16 is free of anydetectable diastereomeric impurities.

Preparation of Compound 13 that has High Diastereomeric Purity

Compound 13 (wherein X is halo) that is at least about 90%diastereomerically pure can be prepared by treating compound 12 with asuitable halogenating agent. For example, compound 13 can be prepared bytreating compound 12 with a halogenating agent such as, for example,thionyl chloride (SOCl₂), oxalyl chloride (C₂O₂Cl₂), phosphorustrichloride (PCl₃), a chlorotriphenylphosphorane salt, thionyl bromide(SOBr₂), oxalyl bromide (C₂O₂Br₂), phosphorus tribromide (PBr₃), or abromotriphenylphosphorane salt. The reaction can be carried out in asuitable organic solvent at a suitable temperature (e.g., a temperaturein the range from about −20° C. to about 100° C.). Suitable solventsinclude tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane,acetonitrile, toluene, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,4-dioxane,sulfolane, and trichloroethylene, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, compound 12 is treated with thionyl chloride intoluene at a temperature of from about 22° C. to about 110° C. toprovide compound 13a:

that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment,the final compound 13a is at least about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, orabout 99% diastereomerically pure. In one embodiment, the final compound13a contains less than 1% of any diastereomeric impurities. In oneembodiment, the final compound 13a is free of any detectablediastereomeric impurities.

Preparation of Compound 15 in High Diastereomeric Purity

Compound 15 can be prepared by treating compound 13 (wherein X is halo)that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure with amine 11 underconditions that provide compound 15 that is at least about 90%diastereomerically pure in the specific isomer 15a, also representedherein as compound 16. For example, compound 15 can be prepared bytreating compound 13 with amine 11 in a suitable organic solvent at asuitable temperature (e.g., a temperature in the range from about −78°C. to about 25° C.). Suitable solvents include organic solvents such astetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane,1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile,toluene, chlorobenzene, sulfolane, and isopropyl acetate, and mixturesthereof. The reaction conveniently can be carried out in the presence ofa suitable base, such as, for example, triethylamine ((C₂H₅)₃N),N,N-diisopropylethylamine ([(CH₃)₂CH]₂NC₂Hs), or1,8-bis(dimethylamino)-naphthalene (proton sponge, C₁₄H₁₈N₂). Followingthe reaction, the resulting material can be washed with an aqueoussolution containing a suitable wash reagent, such as, for example,sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃),citric acid (C₆H₈O₇), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). The resultingorganic solution can be dried over a suitable drying agent, for example,sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or calcium chloride to providecompound 15 that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure compound16.

In one embodiment, compound 13 that is at least about 90%diastereomerically pure (wherein X is chloro) is treated with amine 11in dichloromethane at a temperature of −25° C. to 25° C. in the presenceof triethylamine. The resulting reaction mixture is then washed with anaqueous solution containing sodium phosphate monobasic (NaH₂PO₄) andpotassium bicarbonate (KHCO₃) and dried over sodium sulfate to providecompound 15 that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure compound16. In one embodiment, the starting compound 13 and resulting compound15 are at least about 95% or 97% diastereomerically pure. In oneembodiment, the final compound 15 contains at least about 90%, about95%, about 97%, or about 99% diastereomerically pure compound 16. In oneembodiment, the final compound 15 contains less than 1% of anydiastereomeric impurities.

Preparation of Compound 12

Compound 12 can be prepared as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.7,390,791, or it can be prepared as described herein. In one embodiment,there is provided a method for preparing compound 12 comprising treatingPMPA with triphenylphosphite in the presence of a suitable base toprovide compound 12. The reaction conveniently can be carried out in asuitable solvent, such as, for example, acetonitrile,N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dichloroethane, pyridine, an alkyl acetate(e.g., ethyl acetate), or a dialkyl ether (e.g., diethyl ether), or amixture thereof. The reaction conveniently also can be carried out inthe presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, a trialkylamine(e.g., triethylamine), 2-methylimidazole, dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP),1,5-diazobicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN),1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or pyridine, or a mixturethereof. The reaction conveniently also can be carried out at a suitabletemperature, such as, for example, a temperature from about 20° C. toabout 120° C. (e.g., from about 20° C. to about 82° C.). In one specificembodiment, PMPA is treated with triphenylphosphite in the presence oftriethylamine and dimethylaminopyridine in acetonitrile at about 80° C.to provide compound 12.

The following are nonlimiting, illustrative Examples.

Example 1 Preparation of Diastereomeric Mixture9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(Compound 15)

a. Preparation of Compound 11.

Isopropyl L-alanine ester hydrochloride (compound 10) (1 kg, 5.97 mol,1.0 equiv) and potassium bicarbonate (1.45 kg, 14.5 mol, 2.43 equiv)were agitated in DCM (4 kg) for 10 to 14 hours with maximum agitation,maintaining the pot temperature between 19° C. and 25° C. The mixturewas then filtered and rinsed forward with DCM (2 kg). The filtrate wasdried over a bed of 4 Å molecular sieves until the water content of thesolution was ≦0.05%. The resultant stock solution containing compound 11was then cooled to a pot temperature of −20° C. and held for furtheruse.

b. Preparation of Compound 13a.

To a solution of thionyl chloride (0.72 kg, 6.02 mol, 2.19 equiv) inacetonitrile (5.5 kg) at 60° C. was added compound 12 (1 kg, 2.75 mol,1.00 equiv) in 10 equal portions over 2 hours. The pot temperature wasthen adjusted to 70° C. and stirred for 1 to 3 hours until the reactionwas deemed complete. The pot temperature was then adjusted to 40° C. andvacuum applied. The mixture was distilled to dryness, maintaining amaximum jacket temperature of 40° C. The dry residue was then taken upin dichloromethane (30 kg) and the pot temperature adjusted to 19° C. to25° C. The resultant slurry containing compound 13a was held for furtheruse.

c. Preparation of Compound 15.

To the stock solution of isopropyl L-alanine ester 11 (4.82 equiv) at−25° C. was added slurry containing compound 13a (1.0 equiv) over aminimum of 2 hours, maintaining the pot temperature ≦−10° C. The mixturewas then held at a temperature ≦−10° C. for at least 30 minutes, thenthe pH checked using water wet pH paper. If the pH was <4, adjustmentwith triethylamine to pH 4-7 was performed. The pot temperature was thenadjusted to room temperature (19° C. to 25° C.). In a separate vessel, asolution of sodium phosphate monobasic (2.2 kg, 18 mol, 6.90 equiv) inwater (16 kg) was prepared. Half of the sodium phosphate monobasicsolution was charged to the phosphonamidate reactor, and vigorouslystirred. The layers were settled and partitioned. The organic layer waswashed again with the remaining half of sodium phosphate monobasicsolution. In a separate vessel, a solution of potassium bicarbonate (1.1kg, 11 mol, 4.22 equiv) in water (5.5 kg) was prepared. Half of thepotassium bicarbonate solution was charged to the organic phase, andvigorously stirred. The layers were settled and partitioned. The organiclayer was washed again with the remaining half of the potassiumbicarbonate solution, followed by a final water (3.3 kg) wash. Theorganic phase was then retained and distilled to a volume ofapproximately 6 L. The resultant solution was analyzed for watercontent. If the water content was >1.0%, DCM could be charged and thedistillation to approximately 6 L repeated. When the solution watercontent was less than or about 1.0%, the pot temperature was adjusted to19° C. to 25° C. prior to discharge of the stock solution in DCM toprovide the diastereomeric mixture9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 15). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.20-1.33 (m, 12H), 3.62-3.74(m, 1H), 3.86-4.22 (m, 5H), 4.30-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.83-5.10 (m, 1H), 6.02(br s, 3H), 7.18-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.98-8.02 (m, 1H), 8.32-8.36 (m, 1H); ³¹PNMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): δ. 21.5, 22.9.

Example 2 Crystallization-induced Dynamic Resolution of DiastereomericMixture9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(Compound 15) to Provide9-{(R)-2-[((S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(Compound 16)

A 22 wt % solution of9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 15) in acetonitrile (2.3 kg solution, 0.51 kg compound 15, 1.1mol, 1 equiv) was charged to a vessel equipped with an overhead stirrer,distillation apparatus, and nitrogen inlet. The mixture was concentratedby distillation at 100 to 300 mbar over a temperature range of 45° C. to55° C. to a final concentration of 30 to 35 wt %. The distillationapparatus was then removed and the solution was cooled to 20° C. Thesolution was seeded with 2.0% compound 16 and allowed to stir for onehour at 20° C. Phenol (9.9 g, 0.11 mol, 0.1 equiv) and DBU (16 g, 0.11mol, 0.1 equiv) were added and the mixture was stirred for an additional24 hours, or until the weight percent of compound 16 remaining insolution was less than 12%. The slurry was then cooled to 0° C. andstirred for an additional 18 hours at 0° C. The slurry was filtered andwashed with a 1:1 solution of isopropyl acetate:acetonitrile (1.5 L) at0° C. The solids were dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. to give 0.40 kgof compound 16 (80% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ1.21 (m, 9H), 1.28 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J=13.1, 10.7, 1H) 4.00(m, 4H), 4.33 (dd, J=14.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (m, 1H) 6.00 (bs, 2H), 6.99(m, 2H), 7.07 (m, 1H), 7.19 (m, 2H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H). ³¹P NMR(162 MHz, CDCl₃): δ. 20.8.

Example 3 Preparation of Compound 13a in High Diastereomeric Purity

To a slurry of compound 12 (10.0 g, 27.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in toluene(60 mL) at ambient temperature was added thionyl chloride (3.0 mL, 41mmol, 1.5 equiv). The slurry was heated to 70° C. and agitated for 48 to96 hours until reaction and diastereomeric enrichment were deemedcomplete by HPLC (Target: >97.0% conversion of compound 12 to compound13a and >90:10 diastereomeric ratio of compound 13a). The mixture wasconcentrated to dryness by vacuum distillation, and the dry residue wastaken up in toluene (50 mL). The resultant slurry containing compound13a was held at ambient temperature for further use.

Example 4 Preparation of9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(Compound 15) in High Diastereomeric Purity

To a solution of isopropyl L-alanine ester 11 (4.50 equiv) in DCM (80mL) at −25° C. was added a slurry containing compound 13a (1.00 equiv)that is at least 90% diastereomerically pure in toluene (50 mL) over aminimum of 45 minutes, maintaining the internal temperature ≦−20° C. Themixture was then held at a temperature ≦−20° C. for at least 30 minutes,and the pH checked using water wet pH paper. If the pH was <4, it wasadjusted with triethylamine to pH 4 to 7. The pot temperature wasadjusted to room temperature (19° C. to 25° C.). The mixture wastransferred to a separatory funnel and washed sequentially with 10% w/vaqueous solution of sodium phosphate monobasic (2×50 mL), 15% w/vaqueous solution of potassium bicarbonate (2×20 mL), and water (50 mL).The final organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to a viscous amber oil. The oil wasdissolved in toluene/acetonitrile (4:1) (50 mL), and the solution wasseeded with9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(about 1 mg, 99:1 diastereomeric ratio) and stirred for 2 hours atambient temperature. The resultant slurry was filtered and the filtercake was washed with toluene/acetonitrile (4:1) (15 mL) and dried in avacuum oven at 40° C. for 16 hours to give the product,9-{(R)-2-[((R,S)-{[(S)-1-(isopropoxycarbonyl)ethyl]amino}phenoxyphosphinyl)methoxy]propyl}adenine(compound 15), as a white solid (10.0 g, 76.4%, 97.5:2.5 diastereomericratio in favor of compound 16). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 1.20-1.33 (m,12H), 3.62-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.86-4.22 (m, 5H), 4.30-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.83-5.10(m, 1H), 6.02 (br s, 3H), 7.18-7.34 (m, 5H), 7.98-8.02 (m, 1H),8.32-8.36 (m, 1H); ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, CDCl₃): δ. 21.5, 22.9.

Example 5 Preparation of Compound 12

PMPA (100.0 g, 0.35 mol, 1 equiv) was charged to a vessel equipped withan overhead stirrer, reflux condenser, and nitrogen inlet, followed byacetonitrile (800 mL). To the vessel was added triethylamine (71.0 g,0.70 mol, 2 equiv) followed by DMAP (42.6 g, 0.35 mol, 1 equiv) andtriphenylphosphite (162.1 g, 0.52 mol, 1.5 equiv). The mixture washeated to 80° C. and agitated for ≧48 hours at 80° C. or until thereaction was complete by ³¹P NMR. (A sample directly from the reactionis taken and an insert containing 10% H₃PO₂ in D₂O is added. Theintermediate formed is the PMPA anhydride and is at 7 to 8 ppm; theproduct is at 12.3 to 12.6 ppm. The reaction is deemed complete whenless than 5% anhydride is present). The reaction mixture was distilledto approximately 1.5 volumes of acetonitrile and diluted with ethylacetate (200 mL) and water (300 mL). The aqueous layer was separated andwashed with ethyl acetate (200 mL) twice. The aqueous layer wasrecharged to the vessel and pH adjusted to pH 3 using 12.1 M HCl (21.0mL). The reaction was then seeded with 0.05% of compound 12 and allowedto stir at 25° C. An additional 12.1 M HCl was added over 20 minutes(7.0 mL) until pH 2 was achieved. The crystallization was allowed tostir at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and then cooled to 10° C.over 2 hours. Once at 10° C., the crystallization was allowed to stirfor 2.5 hours at 10° C. The slurry was filtered and washed with pH 1.5water (200 g). After drying in the vacuum oven, 102.2 g of compound 12(81% yield) was obtained as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): δ 1.31(d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 3.59 (dd, J=14.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (dd, J=14.0, 9.0Hz, 1H), 4.1 (m, 1H), 4.3 (dd, J=15.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.5 (dd, J=15.0, 2Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=7 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7 Hz,2H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H). ³¹P NMR (162 MHz, D₂O): δ. 14.8.

All publications, patents, and patent documents are hereby incorporatedby reference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference.The invention has been described with reference to various specific andpreferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understoodthat many variations and modifications may be made while remainingwithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A method for preparing compound 15:

that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure compound 16comprising treating compound 13:

wherein X is halo, that is at least about 90% diastereomerically pure,with amine 11:

under conditions that provide compound 15 that is at least about 90%diastereomerically pure compound
 16. 15. The method of claim 14, whereinX is chloro.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein compound 13 is treatedwith amine 11 in a suitable solvent at a temperature of −78° C. to 25°C. in the presence of triethylamine.
 17. The method of claim 14, furthercomprising preparing compound 13 by treating compound 12:

with a suitable halogenating agent.
 18. A method for preparing compound12:

comprising treating PMPA:

with triphenylphosphite in the presence of a suitable base to providecompound
 12. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein PMPA is treated withtriphenylphosphite in the presence of triethylamine anddimethylaminopyridine in a suitable solvent to provide compound
 12. 20.The method of claim 18, wherein PMPA is treated with triphenylphosphitein acetonitrile at a temperature in the range of from about 20° C. toabout 82° C.